The Vernacular Courtyard Architecture: A Reference for Contemporary 

Housing Models — The Case Study of Hanoi

2. Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

 Abstract: This study explores the potential of vernacular courtyard architecture as solution to contemporary urban housing challenges, which include social disconnection, environmental degradation, and rapid urbanization. Modern housing models often emphasize density and economic efficiency, overlooking essential aspects of social interaction and environmental sustainability. Vernacular courtyard houses, however, have historically fostered social cohesion and environmental responsiveness through shared, shaded communal spaces, natural ventilation and privacy. By examining these traditional forms across diverse cultural contexts, our research aims to identify design principles that can inform contemporary housing. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study combines qualitative and morpho-typological analyses of historical examples with a literature review and examines modern adaptations inspired by courtyard designs. The Italian Tendenza school’s insights help frame the typological and morphological analysis, emphasizing how courtyard housing shapes and interacts with urban form. Additionally, the focus on “void” spaces in courtyard houses reveals their role as social and environmental moderators. To illustrate these principles, we present one of the chosen case studies, that of Hanoi, where traditional courtyard houses remain integral to the urban landscape. Our findings advocate for adapting vernacular courtyard housing principles to contemporary housing, bridging past architectural practices and future design needs, and promoting resilient, socially inclusive, and sustainable urban living.